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用户名:bridge6 笔名:bridge6 地区: 行业:其他 |
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人际关系讲座--张宝蕊
附件[人际关系讲座--张宝蕊.part3.rar]:
http://blog.blogchina.com/upload/2005-04-01/20050401132024637619.rar
附件[人际关系讲座--张宝蕊.part2.rar]:
http://blog.blogchina.com/upload/2005-04-01/2005040113200982947.rar
附件[人际关系讲座--张宝蕊.part1.rar]:
http://blog.blogchina.com/upload/2005-04-01/20050401131948690297.rar
1996年北师大多科目试题
北师大考研试题(96年)
专业:普通心理 ;科目:实验心理
(一)概念
1.成就动机 2.感受野 3.视敏度 4. 听觉的位置理论 5.晶态能力 6.快乐中枢 7.析取概念
8. 性格的行为评定方法
(二)填充题
1.美国心理学家S.S.斯蒂文斯用_________法研究了刺激强度与感觉大小的关系,提出了
著名的_________定律。
2.关于遗忘的原因有三种主要的学说,它们是_________、_________、_________。
3.运动技能正迁移的三种类型为_________、_________、_________。
4.在吉尔福特的三维结构模型中,三个维度是指_________、_________、_________。
(三)问答题
1. 意识与无意识概念的区别与联系?(20分)
2. 试分析奥尔波特的人格理论的特点?(15分)
3. 试说明参数区间估计的原理?(10分)
4. 什么是列联相关?它与积差相关有何区别?(10分)
5. 什么是方差分析须满足哪些条件?(10分)
专业:普通心理;考试科目:普通心理学
(一)概念题
1.原始动机 2.侧抑制 3.听觉的频率理论 4.接收性失语症
5.故事语法与故事图式 6.推理中的气氛效应 7.心理旋转
8.液态能力 9.快乐中枢 10.性格的行为评定法
(二)填充题
1.鲁利亚把脑分成互相紧密联系的三个机能系统。它们是 _________。
2.颜色混合分为_________ 混合和_________ 混合。前者是一种 _________过程,后者是
一种 _________过程。
3.双眼深度线索起作用的最大距离为_________ 米。
4.意志行动中冲突的种类有 _________、 _________、 _________、 _________。
5.运动能正迁移的三种类型为:_________、_________、_________。
(三)问答题
1.试分析近现代哲学思潮对心理学发展的影响?(20分)
2.如何实现智力测验的标准化?(20分)
3.影响市场动作反应时的因素有哪些?(15分)
专业:教育心理;考试科目:教育心理学
(一)名词解释
1.学习定势(Learning Set ) 2.认知地图(Cognitive Map )
3.成就动机(Achievement Motivation) 4.顿悟说(Insight Theory)
5.认知策略(Cognitive Strategy) 6.掌握学习(Mastery Learning)
7.加涅的累积学习理论(GAGNE'SACCUMULATIVE LEARNING THEORY)
8.品德(MORALITY) 9.观察学习(OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING)
10.变比率强化程序(SCHEDUBE OF REINFORCE MENT IN VARIABLE INTERUALS)
(二)简答题(每题5分)
1. 如何理解学习与心理发展的关系?
2. 举例说明程序性知识技能的关系?
3. 怎样创设问题情境才能有效地激发学生的学习动机?
4. 举例说明品德形成的过程?
5. 举例说明影响学习迁移的因素?
(三)论述题(每题15分)
1. 试比较联结主义与认知主义学习理论的主要区别?
2. 如何运用奥苏伯尔的认知同化论来分析教学任务?
(四)下面一段教材选自小学数学课本(六年制)第九册。请你运用教育心理学中知识掌握的原理对立进行分析,并写出简要教案。
3.梯形的认识
登高用的梯子、堤坝和沟渠的横截面等,都是只有一组对边平行的四边形。
只有一组对边平行的四边形叫做梯形。在梯形里,互相平行的一组对边,分别叫做梯形的上底和下底;不平行的一组对边叫做梯形的腰,从上底的一点向下底引一条垂线,这点到垂足间的线段叫做梯形的高。
两腰相等的梯形叫做等腰梯形。沿着等腰梯形的上底和下底的中点连线把等腰梯形对折,可以看到折痕左右的两部分图形完全重合,所以,等腰梯形也是对称图形,这条折痕就是对称轴。
附:教案格式
教学安排 心理学依据
专业:普通心理;考试科目:实验心理学
1. 组内设计与组间设计的各种类型,异同,及应用的统计方法。(15分)
2. 有关感受性的测定方法及各种方法的特点。(15分)
3. 视觉实验研究应注意哪些问题?(20分)
4. 记忆研究中影响实验结果的因素有哪些?(20分)
5. 心理测量的单位和参照点是如何确定的。(10分)
6. 影响测量信度的因素有哪些?(10分)
7. 在编制人格测验时,如何控制被试的掩饰倾向?(10分)
专业:教育心理;考试科目:社会心理学
(一)概念题
1.镜像自我(LOOKING-GLASS SELF) 2.社会测量(SOCIOMETRY)
3.角色创造(ROLE-MAKING) 4.旁观者效应(BYSTANDER EFFECT)
5.启动效应(PRIMING DFFECT) 6.自我同一性(SELF-IDENTITY)
7.宣泄(CAGHARSIS) 8.社会责任规范(SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM)
9.自我实现预言(SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY)
10.个性心理学(PSYCHOLOGY OF PERONALITY)
(二)简答题 (每题10分)
1. 简述自我知觉理论(SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY),并举例说明.
2. 什么是过度理由效应(OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT)
3. 请说明现场研究(包括现场实验)方法在社会心理学研究中的特殊地位。
(三)论述题(每题20分)
1. 试以社会学习观点的社会化理论,分折儿童发展过程中应如何进行亲社会行为(PRO-
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR)的培养。
2. 最新的全国性研究表明,80%以上的人感到当今人们的人际关系变得比过去冷漠与困难
请分析主生这种现象的原因。
专业:教育心理学;考试科目:精神病学
1. 美国精神病病诊断手册(DSM-Ⅲ)将神经官能症分为几种?(10分)
2. 强近症有哪些临床表现?(10分)
3. 简述病态人格的特征?(10分)
4. 什么是行为疗法?(10分)
5. 如何对癔病患者进行精神治疗?(15分)
6. 谈谈你对精神分析疗法的看法?(15分)
7. 精神疾病的致病因素有哪些?(15分)
8. 为什么要重视儿童青少年的心理卫生?(15分)
专业:普通心理;考试科目:心理统计学
(一)回答问题 (1-4题每题5分,第5题10分)
1. 有研究者将不同难度的两次测验分数相加求平均,这种作法对吗?为什么?
2. 在对预测结果进行分析时,发现A题标准差较大,B题标准差较小,这两题中要舍去一
题,舍哪题,为什么?
3. 在0、1记分的选择题试卷,欲求其题目的内部一致性系数,用哪种相关方法好?
4. 有选择题试卷一张,怎样判断考生的成绩是真会还是完全凭猜测?
5. 有实验组控制组的测试结果,欲检验其是否存在显著差异,应选用哪些可用的方法?各
需满足哪些条件?
(二)用两面种非考数方法检验下面两组数据是否存在显著差异 。(15分)
实验组:3.5 4.1 5.3 4.9 7.1 6.5 3.9 5.2 8.4 9.0 7.4 6.9 6.5
控制组: 3.2 3.9 2.8 5.1 4.4 5.6 6.1 4.9 5.8 6.4 4.8
大于中数 小于中数
实验组 8 (6.5) 5 (6.5) 13
控制组 4 (5.5) 7 (5.5) 11
12 12 24
(三)有一区组设计的实验结果,请用参数与非参数方法检验其三种不同条件(A 下之结果
有无显著差异 。(20分)
被试 a1 a2 a3
1 6.1 4.7 2.2
2 5.8 3.9 2.3
3 7.1 5.8 3.1
4 8.0 6.2 3.8
5 6.5 4.4 2.9
(四)有理论假设在某些测验项目上不存在性别差异,今有一位研究者编写的测验项目,实
测结果为下:
对项目的反应
对 错
男 115 75
女 58 132
请选用恰当的统计方法分析,并解释该项目的问题是什么?(15分)
(五)请构造2*2析因设计的实验结果,并使其交互作用及主效应作用差异显著,经具体计算
加以验证。(20分)
回答问题时可能用到的统计表值及公式 如果所需值没有,可根据所列表趋势估计)
X2.05=3.84 (df=1) X 2 .05=5.99 (df=2)
F.05=5.32 (df1=2 df 2=8) F.05=3.84 (df1=4 df2=8)
F.05=4.49 (df1=1 df 2=16) F.05=4.75 (df1=1 df2=12)
1997年北师大多科目试题
北师大考研试题(97年)
专业:教育心理学 科目:社会心理(含发展心理)
1、 归因 2、社会认知中的平均原则 3、预言的自我实现 4、核心品质
5、从众行为(conformity)和听众行为(compliance) 6、去个性化 7、认知不协调理论
8、挫折-侵犯假设 9、过度充分理由 10、囚犯困境游戏
简要介绍阿什(Asch)关于从众行为的经典实验研究。
7、概念形成中的聚焦策略 8、元成分(metacomponents)9、快速眼动时相 10、心理旋转
1998年北师大多科目试题
北师大考研试题(98年)
3、自我服务 (self-serving attribution) 4、宣泄(catharsis) 5、社会学习理论(social learning theory) 6、归因理论(attribution theory) 7、留面子效应(door-in-the- face technique) 8、移情(empathy)
9、挫折(frustration) 10、内群体偏见(ingroup bias) 11、基率缪误(base-rate fallacy)
12、规范从众(normative conformity) 13、随机抽样(random sample)
14、社会交换论(social-exchange theory) 15、自我监控(self-monitoring) 16、角色(role)
17、斯金纳 (B.F.Skinner) 18、津巴多(P.Zimbado) 19、米尔格莱姆(S.Milgram)
20、向下社会比较(downward social comparison) 21、侵犯性刺激(aggressive stimulus)
22、内省(introspection) 23、自我肯定理论 (self-affirmation theor) 24、自我图式 (self-schemas) 25、行为遗传学(behavioral genetics)
4、请选恰当的参数与非参数方法分析下述两组平均数是否存在显著差异?(10分)
n1:3.6 4.2 4.0 5.0 3.7 3.8 4.1
n2:4.1 4.2 4.0 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.5
可能用到的统计表:
х2(1).05=3.84 х2(2).05=6.00 х2(3).05=7.81
t.05 => df=9为2.262 df=10为2.228 df=18为2.101 df=20为2.086
F.05 => df(2,12)=3.88 df(2,15)=3.68 df(3,12)=3.49 df(3,15)=3.29若所列的统计表不
够,可根据所列表值的趋势,自己作一设定。
方向:教育心理学;科目:普通心理学
(一)概念题(3分×8题)
1、无意识 2、声音的掩蔽
3、驱力 4、内倾性
5、行为的塑造 6、首要特质
7、内导信息 8、离差智商
(二)填充题(1分×11题)
1. 注意的基本作用是______________,其可能涉及的脑部位包括______________、
______________和______________。其中起重要作用的是______________。
2. 保持量测量的基本方法有______________、______________、______________等。
普拉奇克根据情绪的_____________、______________和_______________制定了一个情绪的三维模型。
(三)问答题
1、从个性心理学的角度说明认知过程中的个体差异现象(20分)。
2、请从以下两题中任选一题回答(15分)
3. 试说明知识在言语理解中的作用。
4. 说明技能与知识、能力的区别与联系。
(四)统计试题(5分×6题)
1. t检验要满足哪些条件才能保证统计分析的有效性?
2. 描述一组数据的统计量公式。
3. 相关方法的种类及各种方法要满足的条件。
4. 方差分析后,平均数进一步检验的步骤。
5. 非参数的检验方法有哪些?
有300人一团体,施测某测验,平均分为100,S=8,有A被试得分为113分,请问该团体中得分高于A者有多少人?
方向:普通心理;科目:实验心理
(一)简答题(5分×10题)
1. 平均差误法易产生的系统误差是什么,实验时如何控制这一误差?
2. 听觉的等高线对听觉实验设计与操作有何提示?
3. 对自变量的控制要注意哪些问题?
4. 对无关变量通过设计控制,有哪些方面?
5. 对被试与暂时的被试变量控制方法有哪些?
6. 组内与组间设计的统计分析方法是什么?
7. 完全随机化设计的优缺点。
8. 影响反应时的因素有哪些?
9. 心理物理量表的种类及制作各种量表的方法。
10. 学习实验中自变量与因变量的种类及其控制方法。
(二)有一研究,欲检验汉字识别的有关问题,请拟一研究设计方案:问题,自变量标
识,控制,反应变量控制,研究程序,抽样,结果处理等。(20分)
(三)测验问题(10分×3题)
1. 如何确保测验的客观性?
2. 如何确定测验的对象行为?
3. 测验编制的程序、步骤?
方向:普通心理;科目:普通心理学
(一)概念题(3分×10题)
1、无意识 2、声音的掩蔽
3、驱力 4、内倾性
5、行为塑造法 6、首要特质
7、诱发(诱导)运动 8、离差智商
9、析取概念和合取概念 10、概念命题理论
(二)填充题(1分×15题)
1. 注意的基本作用是______________,其可能涉及的脑部位包括______________、
______________和______________。其中起重要作用的是______________。
2. 保持量测量的基本方法有______________、______________、______________等。
3. 布鲁纳提出概念形成的两种策略是______________和______________。
4. 普拉奇克根据情绪的_____________、______________和_______________制定了一个情绪的三维模型。
5. 人对行为的精细调节与控制是由于_____________在大脑中受到了_____________。
(三)问答题(共55分)
1、从个性心理学的角度说明认知过程中的个体差异现象(20分)。
2、试谈新的研究方法的出现对现代心理学发展的推进。(20分)
3、请从以下两题中任选一题回答(15分)
1). 试说明知识在言语理解中的作用。
2). 说明技能与知识、能力的区别与联系。
北京师范大学心理学系1999年考研试题
实验心理与统计
二、简答
1如何正确看待学校教育中的惩罚问题
2实际教育工作中,如何运用有意义学习的不断分化和综合贯通的原则
3奥苏贝尔是如何划分学习类型的?对此你有何看法
4为了克服教学目标的含糊性,你认为在涉及教学目标时应注意哪些问题
5为了使动作技能达到熟练,如何处理练习时间的分配才能达到最佳效益
三、论述
1请评述认知建构主义的学习观点
2 当前,国家教委要求各类学校要把"加强素质教育"的思想贯彻在教育教学之中,请问,教育心理学这门学科在加强素质教育方面能做些什么?请针对你认为比较重要的二至三个具体 问题谈谈看法。
四、教学设计
1、假定你是一位小学数学教师,你的学生已经学习了"梯形的高"这一概念,请根据检验概念掌握水平的有关指标,编一套试题,以检验学生的概念掌握情况,并说明所编每一题目的依据(每一指标至少出一题)
2、小学数学教学中的一个难点是应用题教学,二应用题教学中学生最不一掌握的部分是分析数量关系。有位教师通过多年的总结,提出一套应用题解体中分析数量关系的方法,具体见下图,假定这一方法有比较好的效果,而且,游人知道你准备报考教育心理学的研究生。请你辅导某个在应用题解题方面有较大困难的学生,你将如何教会他学会使用这套方法?请根据教育心理的有关理论,拟定一份辅导计划,其中必包括:(1)理论依据(2)教学或辅导的阶段安排(3)各个阶段的大体做法(4) 各阶段的注意事项
2001年北师大多科目试题
上官青虫也有提供
北师大2001的真题
下面这份是由raulstar、上官青虫提供的2001年发展与教育心理学的试题,与以上的题相似,但是文字上不同,大家看看吧。
北京师范大学
说明:2001年是心理学系与儿心所第一次采用统一试题,试题结构同以前相比有重大调整,且测试重心有所转移,所以01年以前的试题已不具有参考价值。而从02年起,心理学院不再提供历年试题。去年我参加考试,题型与01年相符,但研究方法的选择为不定项,仅此不同。
实验心理学
一 选择
略
二 简答
1. 智商130以上为超常儿童,求其所占比例,写出推理过程
2. 举一例相关关系,但非因果关系
3. 标准分数与原始分数的优点
4. 为什么假设检验中待检验假设为无差异假设
5. 为什么方差分析能够分析出几个平均数的差异
6. 指出t=5.53,p小于0.05的含义
7. 举例说明被试内设计与被试间设计
8. 举例无关变量的抵消
三 实验设计 略
2002年北师大多科目试题
二简答
1么叫割裂脑研究?它对揭示左右脑的不同更能有何重要意义?
2002年北师发展与教育
一、名词解释 28
1.生命全程发展观 2 任职的退行性变化 3.依恋 4 学习困难 5概念同化 6 重组性迁移 7京戏加工策略
二 论述与简答 52
1试比较皮亚接与维果斯基关于心理发展的基本观点,并结合儿童发展与教育的实践进行论述。
2"自主,探究,合作"学习是目前教学改革过程中流行的学习方式,试分析其学习理论基础。
3请结合发展心理学有关理论和新的研究进展,分析人生发展的主要影响因素及其作用
4为了消除一种不良行为,我们可以使用惩罚,小腿和分化性强化等方式。他们有何优缺点?各自的适用范围怎样?
5 减数社会学习理论,并据此分析大众穿没对个体成长的影响及教育对策
三 实验设计 20
1 设计一项研究,探讨青少年问题行为的特点及其影响因素。
2 设计一项研究,探讨儿童的任职发展及其影响因素
European Psychologist Instructions for Authors
Published in cooperation with EFPPA and supported by other organizations of psychology in Europe. Distributed within the United States and Canada by the American Psychological Association.
The European Psychologist integrates across all specializations, providing a general platform for communication and cooperation among psychologists throughout Europe and worldwide. Each annual volume consists of four regular issues, with occasional supplements. Only papers that have not previously appeared in or been submitted elsewhere can be considered for publication. Submitted manuscripts are subject to peer review and may be returned to authors for revision.
The journal contains the following sections: original articles, reviews (of a broader field or topical context), reports, commentaries and news, book and journal reviews.
Submission of papers and articles
Three copies of the manuscript, printed double spaced on A4 (210 x 297 mm) or US letter (8.5 x 11 inch) paper, should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief (address given below), with figures in two originals and one good copy, together with a computer disk (preferably DOS format) containing the text. The disk should contain the manuscript text in two formats: that of the word processing program used to create it, and as a pure text file (ASCII). Special characters should be indicated in the manuscript. When a revised manuscripts is submitted, it should be accompanied by a revised disk.
Submitted manuscripts must be accompanied by a statement which has been signed by the senior author confirming that the manuscript has not been submitted or published elsewhere. Upon acceptance of the manuscript, authors will be asked to formally transfer copyright to the Publisher by completing a copyright assignment form.
The title page of each paper or article should include, in the following order: Title of the article; Author name(s) (preceded by first names, but with no academic titles given); Name of the institute or clinic (if there is more than one author or institution, affiliations should be indicated using superscript arabic numerals); and an Address for correspondence (including the name of the corresponding author with fax and phone numbers).
A summary (maximum length 250 words) should be printed on a separate sheet for original papers, reviews, and reports. A maximum of 5 key reference terms should be given after the summary.
Reference citations in the text should follow conventions listed in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 4th edition (referred to hereinafter as the APA Manual). For example: "Landau & Smith (1992, 1993a) found that..." or "A recent study by Smith et al. (1993) showed that..." or "The differing results obtained in various studies (Baddeley, 1995; Landau & Smith, 1994; Schmidt, 1993) indicate..." The reference list proper should be headed "References." It should only contain works cited in the text, arranged in alphabetical order. The entries in the list should also be styled in accordance with the guidelines in the APA Manual. For example:
Czigler, I., Csibra, G., & Ambró, Á. (1994). Event-related potentials and aging: Identification of deviant visual stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 8, 193-210.
Bezchlibnyk-Butler, K. Z., Jr., & Jeffries, J. J. (1995). Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs (5th ed.). Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
O'Malley, S. (in press). Psychosocial treatments for drug abuse. In C. Stefanis, H. Hippius, & D. Naber (Eds.), Psychiatry in Progress: Vol. 2. Research in addiction: An update (pp. 129-136). Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
Length of articles
Original Papers & Reviews: ca. 8-10 printed pages; ca. 5500 words of main text plus ca. 40 references (not including summary & title page; if figures or tables are included, the word count should be adjusted accordingly). Reports: ca. 2-4 printed pages; ca. 1500-2500 words plus up to 15 references.
If the reference list does not conform to APA style, the manuscript will have to be returned to the author for correction.
Tables should be numbered using arabic numerals. Tables must be cited in the text (e.g., "As shown in Table 1,..."). Each table should be printed on a separate sheet. Below the table number, a brief descriptive title should be given; this should then be followed by the body of the table. It is recommended that each table should also include a brief explanatory legend.
Figures should be numbered using arabic numerals. Each figure must be cited in the text (e.g., "As illustrated in Figure 1,..."). Two originals in a form suitable for reproduction (unscreened original photographs, glossy black-and-white prints, original drawings, slides) should be submitted, along with a good copy. Each figure must be accompanied by a legend. The legends should be printed on a separate sheet. Figures will normally be reproduced in black and white only. While it is possible to reproduce color illustrations, authors are reminded that they will be invoiced for the extra costs involved.
If figures or tables are taken from another source, a letter from the respective copyright holders granting permission to reproduce them must be submitted with the manuscript.
Scientific nomenclature and style
Authors should follow the guidelines of the APA Manual regarding style and nomenclature. Manuscripts that do not conform to these guidelines may have to be returned to the authors for correction.
Language
It is recommended that authors who are not native speakers of English have their papers checked and corrected by a native-speaker colleague before submission. The Editor-in-Chief may have to return manuscripts for correction if the English is inadequate. Standard US American spelling and punctuation as given in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary should be followed.
Proofs
Two copies of page proofs will be sent to the corresponding author. Changes of content or stylistic changes may only be made in exceptional cases in the proofs. Corrections that exceed 5% of the typesetting costs will have to be invoiced to the authors.
Complimentary copies
In consideration of the transfer of copyright to the publisher, each author of a review, report, or original article will receive two complimentary copies of the issue in which the article appeared. In addition, offprints can be ordered at cost price, provided that the request is sent in at the same time as the proofs are returned.
What psychology will be in 2100?
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 11 December 1999
What psychology will be in 2100?
The question is perhaps not so much what psychology will be in 2100 as whether it will exist as we know it.
By Rand B. Evans, PhD
Predicting future history is a fool's task at best. How could we predict the psychology of today from that found in 1900? Fortunately, neither I nor my readers will be around 100 years from now to challenge these predictions.
There are some trends, however, that if left unchecked may well lead to the future suggested here. These ideas are given as food for thought.
The question is perhaps not so much what psychology will be in 2100 as whether it will exist as we know it. It is unlikely, for instance, that the subject matters that make up psychology today will be found together in the same academic departments. Psychology, as with many academic disciplines, is made up of a group of subject matters that grew together over this past century largely by historical accident. In the next century, many disciplines, including psychology, will be overhauled.
Clinical psychology will be altered fundamentally by the conclusion of the human genome project and in the applied disciplines that will derive from that work. Much of mental illness will be prevented through those discoveries, and the more profound human psychological ailments will be dealt with through gene therapy.
Advances in the knowledge about the brain will lead to precise biochemical and noninvasive techniques to correct chemical imbalances and neural ailments. This knowledge will also lead to designer drugs that will reshape personality patterns. Both the legitimate and illegitimate use of such drugs will occupy the time of many psychologists.
Clinical psychologists will merge more with counseling fields, or they will leave psychology entirely and become a therapeutic field along with what remains of psychiatry. Training in clinical psychology will emphasize the retraining of formerly mentally ill individuals so they can be integrated into normal life.
Clinical psychology will also continue to deal with substance abuse. The drug addictions we know of today will be largely a thing of the past--due to inoculation against their effects on the brain. However, innovative criminals will invent new drugs that addict at different levels. Alcohol will continue to be an addictive problem.
We'll also see more addictions of a social nature, including information addiction. People will increasingly withdraw from direct social interaction with others due to the escalating dispersion and decentralization of the workplace. People will seek to satisfy their need for human interaction with secondary social interactions through virtual interactive liaisons and groups, all mediated by the Internet or its replacement. This will produce addictive and psychologically based obsessive behavior, with emotional consequences brought about by the poor development of interpersonal skills in a society of increasingly isolated individuals--and provide clients for counseling/clinical psychologists.
As mental illness and emotional problems are dealt with more commonly through biochemistry, a strong spiritual and mental counter-movement will arise, dedicated to coping in the world without chemical or mechanical aids. These movements will develop radical therapies and group cultures, rejecting all but the most primary and personally human relationships. They will deal with hope, self-actualization, self-worth and spirituality. Such movements will be looked on with disdain by the biomedical "establishment" but they will gain strength as the 21st century ends.
Meanwhile, a vast amount of human behavior will be modeled with high-level computers by the end of the century. Much experimentation in the fractured fields once the core of psychology will be carried out by manipulating these models. Much will remain to be modeled, however. A new behaviorism will arise based on the attempt to completely specify human and animal behaviors to a level not dreamt of in the 20th century. The attempt will fail, however, and by the end of the next century, the possibility of attaining the modeling of human behavior with any sort of meaningful result will be questioned. The totality of human behavior will be modeled about the same time as will precise weather prediction for a given city block a year in advance.
Cognitive psychologists will leave psychology for programs in cognitive science, where their language is more fluently spoken. With them will go much of the psychology of human learning, memory, language and thought. Physiological psychologists will depart into programs of brain science, neurobehavior and other such new clusters. Psychology will be left as a social science, without its natural science components of today, if the name continues to be used at all.
Social psychology will become an independent member of the human sciences of the 21st century, along with aspects of social anthropology, social criminology and sociology--at least, that is, the remnants of those fields, after an academic reorganization in mid-century. Interpersonal relationships will be studied, and abnormal interpersonal groups will become a major subject matter. Gangs and social revolutionaries will not disappear in the next century. If anything, the isolation and alienation of individuals in an increasingly mechanized society will increase antisocial behavior and with it its study.
Life-span developmental psychology will likely become a field of its own, separate from psychology, or it may become the core of psychology itself by mid-century, with the other present-day subfields dispersing elsewhere. The problems of aging, and coping with aging, will be a major focus of 21st century psychology. As more people live longer and remain healthier, the question of what to do with increased spare time and longer retirement expectancies will occupy many in the field.
APA may still exist, though more likely as an umbrella organization for a loose confederation of fields once represented by the name "psychology." Or, if psychology splinters and scatters, APA could cease to exist altogether, but will have died of success, as will have the psychology we now know at the end of this century.